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20th July 2026

Early achievement of a development goal

The World Bank has officially reclassified Vietnam as an upper-middle-income country, four years earlier than anticipated.

For the World Bank’s fiscal year from July 1, 2026, to June 30, 2027, Vietnam has officially been reclassified as an upper-middle-income economy, confirming that it has achieved one of its key development goals four years ahead of the timeline set out in the Resolutions from the 13th and 14th National Congresses of the Communist Party of Vietnam.

Looking ahead, Vietnam’s ambition is to attain high-income status by the end of 2045. According to research by the Institute of Economics and Finance at the Academy of Finance, achieving that objective would require average annual GDP growth, measured at constant prices, of at least 5 per cent between 2026 and 2044. Should average GDP growth reach 6 per cent, 7 per cent, or 8 per cent annually over the period, Vietnam could achieve high-income status by the end of 2044, 2039, or 2037, respectively.

Understanding the classification

The World Bank classifies the world’s economies into four income groups: low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income. The classification is updated annually on July 1, based on each country’s Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, measured in current US dollars using the World Bank’s Atlas method.

The thresholds are calculated using GNI per capita from two calendar years prior to the relevant World Bank fiscal year. In other words, for FY2027, the classification is based on 2025 GNI per capita data and remains in effect from July 1, 2026, through June 30, 2027.

These income groups serve as a standard reference across numerous international datasets, including the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, which cover subjects ranging from energy access and education to trade and economic development. The classifications also play a crucial role in determining countries’ eligibility for concessional financing and development assistance. Beyond lending decisions, they provide governments, researchers, international organizations, and the media with a consistent framework for understanding where economies stand and the direction in which they are developing.

According to the World Bank’s latest classification, released on July 1, 2026, the income thresholds for FY2027 are as follows - Low-income: GNI per capita of $1,175 or less; Lower-middle-income: $1,176-$4,635; Upper-middle-income: $4,636-$14,375; and High-income: above $14,375. Compared with FY2026, the thresholds increased notably, largely reflecting adjustments for global inflation, as measured by the International Monetary Fund’s Special Drawing Rights (SDR) deflator.

Moving up

Under the updated classification, no economy was downgraded during the FY2027 review. Five countries moved from the lower-middle-income group to the upper-middle-income category: Vietnam, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, the Federated States of Micronesia, and Jordan. Meanwhile, Togo advanced from the low-income to the lower-middle-income group.

Vietnam remained one of the fastest-growing economies in East Asia and the Pacific, supported by its export-led growth model. After exports contracted by 3 per cent in 2023, GDP growth slowed from 8.5 per cent to 5 per cent. As exports rebounded by 15.7 per cent in 2024 and 16.3 per cent in 2025, GDP growth accelerated to 7 per cent and 8 per cent, respectively.

Overall, Vietnam’s post-pandemic recovery has been among the strongest in the region, lifting GNI per capita to $4,970 in 2025; above the World Bank’s FY2027 upper-middle-income threshold of $4,636.

The Philippines achieved its new classification through broad-based economic expansion. Its economy grew by an average of 5.8 per cent annually between 2021 and 2025, reflecting sustained growth across all major industries, though growth moderated to 4.4 per cent in 2025. During the same period, net primary income rose by an average of 39 per cent annually, resulting in average GNI growth of 10.9 per cent per year.

Sri Lanka continued its recovery from the 2022 economic crisis. Real GDP grew by 5 per cent in 2025, supported by a broad-based rebound in industry and steady expansion in the services sector, particularly financial and tourism-related services. GDP at current prices increased by 8.8 per cent, while GNI rose 9.7 per cent despite a 22.4 per cent decline in net primary income.

The Federated States of Micronesia sustained a modest post-pandemic recovery, with real GDP expanding by 1.1 per cent in 2025. Growth was driven primarily by construction, which surged 81.7 per cent, and agriculture, which expanded 12.7 per cent. However, these gains were partly offset by a 10.4 per cent decline in net primary income.

Togo advanced to the lower-middle-income group largely due to revisions to its population data, which reduced the estimated population by 11.7 per cent for 2024, and a 4 per cent depreciation of the Central African franc (CFA franc) against the US dollar. GDP growth moderated slightly, to 5.9 per cent in 2025 following a strong post-pandemic rebound. Agriculture, industry, and services all recorded solid growth, supported by favorable weather conditions, stronger mining output, improved electricity reliability, and resilient domestic demand.

Vietnam’s elevation

Vietnam’s increase to upper-middle-income status represents more than a statistical milestone; it fulfills a major national development objective well ahead of schedule. The Resolution from the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam set the goal of becoming “a developing country with modern industry and upper-middle-incomes” by 2030; the centennial of the Party’s founding. The Resolution from the 14th National Congress, meanwhile, reaffirmed this objective, underscoring the country’s commitment to reaching upper-middle-income status by the end of the decade.

According to World Bank data, Vietnam’s GNI per capita reached $4,970 in 2025, an increase of $480, or 10.69 per cent, from the previous year. Among the economies newly classified as upper-middle-income, Vietnam’s GNI per capita exceeded that of the Philippines ($4,850) and remained well above neighboring lower-middle-income economies, including India ($2,760), Cambodia ($2,750), Laos ($2,150), and Myanmar ($1,320).

However, Vietnam continues to trail several regional peers. Indonesia recorded GNI per capita of $5,120 in 2025, while Thailand reached $7,690. The gap is even more pronounced compared with Malaysia ($12,380), China ($14,230), Brunei ($34,790), and Singapore ($81,760). Vietnam’s GNI per capita also amounted to just 34.89 per cent of the global average of $14,244.

Under the World Bank’s FY2027 classification, which took effect on July 1, 2026, Vietnam officially moved from the lower-middle-income group to the upper-middle-income category. Within Southeast Asia, it joins Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines in the group. Singapore and Brunei remain the region’s only high-income economies, while Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar continue to be classified as lower-middle-income economies.

The Resolution from the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam also set a clear goal for 2045: “By 2045, the centennial of the founding of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Vietnam will become a developed, high-income country.” The Resolution from the 14th National Congress reaffirmed this objective, calling for the realization of the vision of becoming a developed, high-income nation by 2045. To achieve high-income status, Vietnam’s GNI per capita in 2044 must at least meet the high-income threshold set by the World Bank for FY2046.

According to calculations by the research team from the Institute of Economics and Finance, if the global and domestic economic and political environment remains broadly stable during 2026-2044, similar to the conditions seen over 2015-2025, Vietnam will become a high-income country by the end of 2045 if it maintains average annual GDP growth of 5 per cent over the 2026-2044 period. The more the average GDP growth exceeds 5 per cent, the earlier Vietnam will reach high-income status before 2045.

Specifically, using a 19-year moving average (MA19) based on growth data from 2008-2025 and projecting it for the 2026-2044 period, the researchers estimated that if Vietnam records average annual GDP growth of 6 per cent, 7 per cent, or 8 per cent, it would attain high-income status by the end of 2044, 2039, and 2037, respectively.

These projections suggest that the 2045 development targets set out in the Resolutions from the 13th and 14th National Congresses of the Communist Party of Vietnam are entirely achievable. They also reinforce confidence in Vietnam’s economic outlook, allowing the country to pursue development policies that are aligned with its potential, promote sustainable growth, and preserve macro-economic stability while achieving the Party’s two centennial goals: becoming an upper-middle-income country by 2030, the 100th anniversary of the Party’s founding, and a high-income country by 2045, the centennial of the nation’s founding.

At the same time, the findings suggest that policymakers should avoid becoming overly impatient in pursuit of these goals. Mobilizing excessive resources to drive growth or implementing overly aggressive economic interventions could result in inefficient resource allocation and unnecessary macro-economic instability.

In recent years, some views in Vietnam have reflected misunderstandings about the World Bank’s income classification system. The most common misconception is equating growth in GNI per capita, which the World Bank measures in current prices, with GDP growth, which is measured at constant prices.

Based on this misunderstanding, some have argued that Vietnam faces a serious risk of falling into the “middle-income trap” and have recommended that the country achieve annual GDP growth of 8-10 per cent throughout 2025-2045.

However, such a target would require the economy to grow at an unsustainably rapid pace, likely forcing the government to significantly increase public investment, widen the budget deficit, and accept lower investment efficiency, reflected in a higher Incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR). This could lead to wasted resources, rising inflationary pressures, and greater macro-economic instability. For that reason, Vietnam should carefully consider the risks before pursuing an overly aggressive growth strategy.

Source: Mr. Pham Minh Thuy is from the Institute of Economics and Finance at the Academy of Finance.

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Standard Chartered raises 2026 GDP growth forecast for Vietnam to 9.5%

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VOV.VN - Standard Chartered has lifted its 2026 GDP growth forecast for Vietnam to 9.5%, citing strong economic momentum and a supportive policy environment, according to its latest assessment report.

The bank expects the positive momentum to continue into 2027, with GDP growth projected at 11.0%.

Meanwhile, Standard Chartered has also lowered its inflation forecasts to 4.4% for 2026 and 3.3% for 2027, reflecting an improved inflation outlook. The bank expects the policy rate to remain unchanged as authorities continue to balance growth objectives with inflation management.

Tim Leelahaphan, Senior Economist for Vietnam and Thailand at Standard Chartered Bank, said "Vietnam's economy has demonstrated remarkable resilience in the first half of 2026, supported by stronger-than-expected growth across manufacturing, services and investment activity, alongside continued policy support."

“While global uncertainties and inflationary pressures remain factors to monitor, Vietnam enters the second half of the year from a position of strength. Strong domestic demand, continued investment in infrastructure and productive capacity, and ongoing economic transformation are helping to create a more balanced and resilient growth model that can support Vietnam’s long-term development ambitions,” Leelahaphan added.

High funding demand pushing up interest rates: Vienam central bank governor

20th July 2026

Vietnam's central bank is studying measures including expanding access to foreign-currency loans to ease funding pressures as strong credit demand and limited deposit growth have pushed domestic interest rates higher, said State Bank of Vietnam Governor Pham Duc An.

Speaking at a government meeting with the business community on Saturday, An said the banking sector has faced increasing challenges in managing interest rates as the economy's demand for capital continues to outpace the pace of fund mobilization.

"When funding becomes scarce, interest rates rise," An said. "Higher deposit rates translate into higher lending rates, directly affecting businesses and production activities."

The State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) has been working with commercial lenders to discourage excessive competition for deposits through higher interest rates in an effort to keep lending costs at reasonable levels, he added.

The governor said the central bank is also considering widening eligibility for foreign-currency loans, particularly for companies importing machinery and equipment for investment projects.

"If foreign currency is needed to finance imports serving investment purposes, we are studying the possibility of allowing such lending," An said, adding that the policy could be expanded to additional borrowers in the future.

The SBV is also assessing options to mobilize funding from overseas in coordination with the Ministry of Finance, depending on the economy's financing needs.

An highlighted a structural mismatch between banks' funding sources and corporate borrowing demand. Around 80% of bank deposits are short-term, while only about 20% are medium- and long-term funds, despite businesses' strong demand for longer-term financing.

The imbalance requires lenders to balance support for businesses with maintaining the safety and stability of the banking system, he said.

Beyond bank lending, the SBV is seeking to develop additional channels for medium- and long-term financing, including the corporate bond market.

The central bank has submitted proposals to the government to amend the Law on Credit Institutions, allowing commercial banks to provide asset management services to support corporate bond issuance. An said the measure could help capital markets absorb part of businesses' long-term financing needs.

At the same meeting, business representatives urged the government to strengthen fiscal and monetary policies and accelerate the development of green finance.

Nguyen Thi Nga, acting chairwoman of the Vietnam Private Entrepreneurs Association and chairwoman of BRG Group, said outstanding green credit had exceeded VND700 trillion ($26.62 billion), growing by more than 20% annually but accounting for only about 4.3% of total outstanding loans.

She proposed extending a government-funded interest rate subsidy of 2% per year for businesses and households investing in green and circular economy projects, while calling for a unified national green credit classification system and additional policy tools, including preferential refinancing, risk-sharing mechanisms, and measures to mobilize long-term domestic and international capital.

The proposals come as Vietnamese businesses continue to face strong demand for investment capital while the banking system seeks to maintain financial stability and contain borrowing costs.

Vietnam's economy needs to shift from quantity to quality: ADB experts

19th July 2026

Vietnam's economy posted robust growth in the first half, with gross domestic product (GDP) expanding by 8.18%, prompting leading economists at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to stress that sustaining such momentum over the medium and long term will require a growth model driven by productivity and efficiency rather than traditional input-intensive factors.

The latest data released by the National Statistics Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Finance show that GDP grew by 8.18% in the period, including 8.39% growth in the second quarter.

Shantanu Chakraborty, ADB Country Director for Vietnam, described the figures as highly encouraging, saying they reflect the economy's resilience in the face of global headwinds. He noted that the results exceeded the bank's earlier forecasts.

Echoing that view, Bui Minh Giap, ADB's principal economist for Vietnam, said the country's growth has been broad-based, supported by strong performance in industry, construction, services, exports, foreign direct investment (FDI), public investment and a recovery in domestic demand.

Despite the strong headline figures, however, the expert cautioned that external uncertainties and domestic macroeconomic pressures remain significant.

Giap pointed out that with total foreign trade around 170% of GDP, Vietnam is a highly open economy. As a result, fluctuations in global trade, tariff policies and weakening demand in key export markets have a substantial impact on growth through trade, logistics, investment flows, and business reactions.

He also highlighted that imports have been rising faster than exports, resulting in a sizeable trade deficit during the first half of the year.

Although the deficit is not entirely a negative indicator as it reflects expanding production activities, with enterprises ramping up imports of machinery, equipment, raw materials, and components to meet manufacturing needs.

However, he emphasized the downside of this trend, noting that it highlights the domestic economy’s heavy reliance on imported inputs.

Inflationary pressures, he added, also warrant close monitoring. With both core inflation and the consumer price index (CPI) exceeding 4% in the first half of the year, room for monetary policy maneuvering during the remaining months has tightened, demanding continued flexibility and caution in monetary governance.

Against this backdrop, Giap said the key challenge is no longer how to achieve rapid growth, but how to sustain high-quality, long-term growth while maintaining macroeconomic stability.

Chakraborty agreed, noting that while achieving strong growth in a single year is encouraging, maintaining both the pace and quality of growth over many years will be essential if Vietnam is to achieve its goal of becoming a high-income country by 2045.

To realize that ambition, he said, the economy must move decisively away from a model reliant on capital, low-cost labor and the FDI sector towards one driven by productivity, skills, innovation and a stronger domestic private sector.

The ADB Country Director underlined the need to enhance the capacity of Vietnamese private enterprises to absorb the benefits of foreign investment and participate more deeply in value chains.

Giap added that strong GDP growth must ultimately translate into higher incomes for the population while enabling domestic businesses – particularly small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which account for more than 95% of firms operating in Vietnam – to integrate into global supply chains.

He also welcomed the Politburo’s Resolution No. 10 on the development of the foreign-invested economic sector, noting that its emphasis on linking domestic enterprises with global value chains demonstrates Vietnam's determination to make the domestic private sector a key driver of economic growth.

Regarding foreign investment, Giap said the country’s priority should no longer be attracting greater volumes of FDI, but rather securing higher-quality investment and increasing the share of value added retained within the domestic economy.

He described the inclusion of this objective in the resolution as a well-founded policy direction.

The ADB economist said Vietnam's economic outlook remains highly positive. The bank's Asian Development Outlook (ADO), released in July, continues to project the country as the fastest-growing economy in Southeast Asia.

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